NORTH EAST INSURGENCY

Published on 01 Feb 2025

Northeast India (NEI) today comprises eight states of India: Sikkim and the "seven sister states" of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh (ALP), Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Meghalaya. NEI is bounded by the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh. NEI has been witnessing insurgency since the 1950s.

Historical Background of the North-East

State-wise insurgency issues in North East India 

• Assam

• 1979: The United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) formed in 1979, demanding an independent Assam or greater autonomy for the state.

• 1993: The First Bodo Accord was signed with the All Bodo Students Union (ABSU) with limited political power.

• 2003: Bodo Territorial Region Accord agreement was signed, leading to the creation of the Bodoland Territorial Council in Assam.

• 2011: The pro-talks faction of ULFA signed a Memorandum of Settlement with the Indian government, leading to some members surrendering arms.

• 2019: The banned faction of ULFA attacked Upper Assam, killing five people.

• 2020: Bodo Accord promised more legislative, executive and administrative autonomy under the Sixth Schedule to Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC).

• Manipur

• 1970s: People's Liberation Army (PLA) and Revolutionary People's Front (RPF) were actively seeking independence or a merger with Myanmar.

• 2015: The government signed a peace accord with the National Socialist Council of Nagaland Isak-Muivah (NSCN-IM), a neighbouring state's insurgent group.

• 2022-23: Ethnic violence in Manipur between the Meitei people, over granting Scheduled Tribal Status to the Kuki tribal community from the surrounding hills.

• Nagaland

• 1980s: National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) was formed aim of the organisation was to establish a sovereign Naga state, "Nagalim".

• 2015: The government signed a framework agreement Nagaland Peace Accord with the NSCN-IM to initiate peace talks.

• Mizoram

• 1961: Mizo National Front (MNF) was formed initially seeking independence, now focuses on regional autonomy and Mizo identity protection.

• 1986: The Mizoram Accord was signed between the government and MNF, leading to the end of the insurgency.

• Tripura

• 1990s: National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) and All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF) became active demanding the secession of Tripura to create an independent tribal state.

• 2015: The government signed a peace accord with a faction of NLFT, leading to some members surrendering arms.

• Meghalaya

• 2009: Garo National Liberation Army (GNLA) formed, seeking a separate Garo state.

• 2018: The GNLA was disbanded after many of its members surrendered and entered into rehabilitation programs.

• Arunachal Pradesh

• 1990s: The only case of indigenous insurgency movement in Arunachal Pradesh was the rise of the Arunachal Dragon Force (ADF), which seeks to create an independent Sovereign state.

Factors Contributing to Emergence of Insurgency in North East

• Historical 

• Historical grievances: Many of the insurgent groups have roots in issues such as land rights, cultural identity, and autonomy.

• Example: National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) for separate sovereign Bodoland, Bodo Liberation Tiger (BLT) for a separate “Bodo” state & NSCN for Greater Nagaland.

• Ethnic and tribal diversity: Tensions between different ethnic and tribal groups communities have sometimes led to violent conflicts and demands for separate states or regions.

• Example: ULFA (United Liberation Front of Assam) Insurgency seeking to establish an independent state believing that the indigenous Assamese were marginalized and their identity threatened.

• Political 

• Socio-economic factors: Underdevelopment, poverty, lack of infrastructure, and limited access to basic in the region create a sense of alienation and frustration making them susceptible to recruitment by insurgent groups.

• Example: Mizoram Insurgency due to perceived economic and political marginalization.

• Governance: Political manipulation, corruption, and mismanagement have exacerbated tensions in the region. Some insurgent groups have taken advantage of the political climate to advance their agendas.

• Example: The Naga insurgency has its roots in historical grievances and demands for autonomy by the Naga people.

• Inter-state border disputes: It has affected the northeast region since the 1960s when states like Nagaland, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram were created from undivided Assam.

• Sense of Isolation, Deprivation and Exploitation: Distance from New Delhi and meagre representation in the Lok Sabha has led to more disillusionment in the dialogue process, thereby making the call of the gun more attractive. 

• Example: Several religious and linguistic minority groups were also opposing the NRC as discriminatory and undemocratic.

• Militarization: Incidents of violence and human rights abuses by both insurgents and security forces have fuelled the cycle of violence.

• Example: The use of force and the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) furthered the feeling of alienation of the Naga people, solidifying Naga nationalism.

• External Factors 

• Foreign influence: Foreign nations support certain insurgents for their strategic regional gains with training, funding, and weaponry. 

• Example: Bangladesh and Myanmar have provided tacit or open support to insurgent groups such as ULFA, National Socialist Council of Nagaland Isak-Muivah NSCN (IM), NSCN – Khaplang (K), etc.

• Border issues: The region shares international borders which resulted in porous borders, illegal migration, and cross-border movements, making it a challenge to maintain control and security.

• Example: The influx of refugees from now Bangladesh into Assam led to a dramatic change in the demographic landscape of the region.

• Drug trafficking and arms smuggling: The region's geography and political instability have made it a hotspot for illegal activities, including drug trafficking and arms smuggling and provide funding and resources to insurgent groups.

• Example: The proximity to the Golden Triangle leads to the smuggling of drugs in the region.

Impact of North East Insurgency

• Loss of Human Lives: Armed conflicts, clashes between insurgent groups, and encounters with security forces have led to a considerable death toll in the region.

• Example: In Manipur, the insurgency has been particularly intense, and it has resulted in numerous casualties over the years.

• Displacement and Refugee Crisis: Insurgency has caused mass displacements of civilians from their homes, leading to internal displacement and refugee crises. 

• Example: In Assam, the Bodo insurgency has caused significant displacement of people from their villages, leading to refugee-like situations.

• Impact on Development: The presence of armed conflict and security challenges hinder investments, infrastructure development, and economic progress.

• Example: In Nagaland, the prolonged Naga insurgency has impeded the region's economic growth and infrastructure development.

• Social Divisions and Strains: Insurgency has caused ethnic tensions and clashes between different groups have created societal fissures.

• Example: In Tripura, clashes between tribal and non-tribal communities have led to social tensions and violence.

• Disruption of Education and Healthcare: The ongoing insurgency has disrupted education and healthcare services in the affected areas, leading to a lack of access to quality education and medical facilities.

• Example: In parts of Mizoram, the insurgency has negatively impacted the education system, leading to lower literacy rates in some areas.

• Human Rights Violations: There have been allegations of human rights violations by security forces in dealing with insurgency, leading to further tensions and human rights concerns.

• Example: In Manipur, security forces have faced criticism for alleged extrajudicial killings and human rights abuses during operations.

• Impact on Trade and Economy: The insurgency has also affected cross-border trade and economic ties with neighbouring countries, impacting the region's economic potential.

• Example: Insurgency in Arunachal Pradesh has had implications on trade and connectivity with neighbouring countries like China and Myanmar.

Role of Ethnic/Cultural Diversity in Influencing North East Insurgency 

The region is known for its rich ethnic and cultural diversity, with various indigenous communities having unique identities, languages, and customs. The strong attachment to their cultural heritage has led to a sense of collective identity among these communities, and they often perceive themselves as distinct from the mainstream Indian culture.

• Naga Insurgency: The Naga people in Nagaland have a strong sense of identity and have been demanding a separate Naga homeland, which they believe will protect their distinct culture and way of life.

• Assam Insurgency: In Assam, various insurgent groups have emerged, with some representing the grievances of different ethnic communities

• Example: ULFA (United Liberation Front of Assam), seeking to protect Assamese identity and oppose perceived cultural assimilation.

• Manipur Insurgency: Manipur is home to several ethnic groups, and some of the insurgent movements there have roots in demands for preserving their cultural autonomy and territorial integrity.

• Mizoram Insurgency: The Mizos in Mizoram also experienced a long-running insurgency, which led to the formation of the Mizo National Front (MNF), demanding a separate state to safeguard their cultural distinctiveness.

Preserving cultural identity is crucial in tackling North-east insurgency. A lasting resolution requires addressing diverse ethnic communities' aspirations and concerns while promoting peace and development.

Role of Identity Politics in Influencing North East Insurgency 

• Assertion of Ethnic Identity: Insurgent groups in the North East often represent the interests of specific ethnic or tribal communities. They seek to protect and promote the cultural, linguistic, and traditional practices of their respective communities.

• Example: Formation of Naga National Council (NNC) to protect the distinct Naga cultural and political identity.

• Demand for Autonomy: Identity politics has fuelled demands for greater autonomy or even separate states for certain ethnic groups. These demands are driven by the desire to have more control over their affairs and protect their cultural heritage.

• Example: United Liberation Front of Assam demanded the establishment of an independent sovereign Assam.

• Manipulation by External Actors: External actors may exploit identity-based grievances to further their interests which include support from foreign intelligence agencies or extremist groups, adding complexity to the insurgency.

• Example: Groups like the United Liberation Front of Asom-Independent (ULFA-I) have been alleged to have bases in Myanmar.

• Alienation from National Identity: Identity politics can lead to a sense of alienation from the broader national identity, with some communities feeling disconnected from the larger Indian identity.

• Inter-tribal Conflicts: Identity politics can also lead to inter-tribal conflicts as different communities compete for resources, territory, and political power.

Tackling identity politics in the insurgency necessitates a sensitive and comprehensive approach, acknowledging diverse cultural identities, ensuring political representation, and developing sensitivity.

Steps taken by Government to Control Insurgency 

The security situation in the northeastern states has considerably improved since 2014. According to the Ministry of Home Affairs report, the years 2019 and 2020 witnessed the lowest number of insurgency incidents and casualties of civilians and security forces during the last two decades. In comparison to the year 2014, there has been a reduction of 80% in the incidents of insurgency in the year 2022.

• Administrative Arrangements 

• Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER): It is responsible for the matters relating to the planning, execution and monitoring of development schemes and projects in the North Eastern Region.

• Constitutional provision: Article 244 of the Indian Constitution deals with the administration of scheduled areas and scheduled tribal regions.

• Autonomous Administrative Areas and Sixth Schedule: These provisions have satiated the demand for autonomy and helped in preserving their distinct cultures and customs, thereby resolving grievances.

• For example: various autonomous districts have been created to contain the demands of various ethnic groups like Karbi Anglong, Khasi hill district, Chakma district etc.

• Policy measures 

• India’s Act East Policy and Look East Policy: Fostering economic cooperation, cultural ties, and strategic relations in the Indo-Pacific for the North-eastern Region's growth.

• Example: Trilateral Highway Project connecting the North East with Myanmar and Thailand.

• Inner Line Permit (ILP): It is an official travel document issued by the state government concerned to allow inward travel of an Indian citizen into a protected area for a limited period.

• Example: Restrictions are imposed on the entry of outsiders to maintain the original identity of indigenous people of Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh 

• Peace Agreements: To bring peace and stability to the region by resolving the longstanding insurgency issues and to address the demands and grievances of the groups.

• Example: Peace agreements have been signed with various insurgent groups, such as the Mizo Peace Accord and the Bodo Peace Accord.

• Developmental measures 

• Livelihood: Provides financial and technical support to local communities for sustainable agriculture, rural enterprises, and skill development.

• Example: North East Rural Livelihood Project (NERLP) improve rural livelihood opportunities and reduce poverty in the region.

• Industrial development: The North East Industrial Development Scheme (NEIDS) provides financial incentives and subsidies to industries and businesses to set up operations in the region.

• Example: Mission Purvodaya aim to achieve National Steel Policy's envisioned capacity of 300 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) by 2030.

• Skill Development Initiatives: Aim to enhance the employability of the youth in the region and provide them with better job opportunities.

• Example: Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) programs are conducted to impart vocational training and enhance technical capabilities.

• Education and Health Initiatives: The government has undertaken initiatives to build schools, colleges, hospitals, and healthcare centres.

• Example: North Eastern Council (NEC) Schemes fund various schemes covering sectors like education, healthcare, tourism, and infrastructure development.

• Tourism Promotion: The government has been promoting tourism in the North East by developing tourist infrastructure and marketing the region's unique attractions.

• Example: The National Museum is celebrating the rich heritage of North East India titled #DestinatioNorthEastIndia.

• Special Economic Zones (SEZs): To attract investments and create employment opportunities in the region to encourage industrial growth and export-oriented businesses.

• Infrastructural Measures 

• Connectivity: To improve connectivity within the region and with the rest of India government has undertaken projects to construct roads, bridges, and railway lines to enhance transportation links.

• Example: Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Project is a massive connectivity project to connect the Haldia port to Mizoram through Myanmar. 

• Infrastructure: The North East Special Infrastructure Development Scheme (NESIDS) aims to bridge the infrastructure gap and promote balanced development in the North East region.

• Example: PM-DevINE is aimed at rapid and holistic development of the North-East Region by funding infrastructure and social development projects, based on the felt needs of the States.

• Security Measures 

• Border Area Development Programme (BADP): Aim to address the special needs of areas near international borders and promote socio-economic development.

• Example: Government has decided to develop 61 model villages under the Border Area Development Programme.

• International Cooperation: India collaborates with neighbouring countries to address cross-border issues and prevent safe havens for insurgent groups.

• Example: India and Myanmar have launched Operation Sunrise; the strategy is aimed at hitting militant groups that are impacting both India and Myanmar.

• Deployment of Security Forces: The government has deployed various security forces to combat insurgency and maintain law and order in the region.

• Examples: Indian Army, paramilitary forces like the Assam Rifles, and state police. 

• Border Fencing and Checkpoints: The government has strengthened border fencing and established checkpoints to monitor movement along the borders and prevent illegal activities.

• Counter Insurgency Steps

• Operation All Clear: The Indian Army conducted the operation to flush out ULFA (United Liberation Front of Assam) militants from their strongholds in Bhutan.

• Operation Bajrang: It was carried out in Nagaland to counter the activities of various Naga insurgent groups and neutralize militants.

• Operation Rhino: It was launched by the Indian Army in the early 1990s to crack down on ULFA and other insurgent groups in Assam.

• Perception Management Measures 

• Social Media and Online Engagement: Utilize social media platforms and online channels to engage with the public and respond to concerns.

• Example: Government highlights successful reintegration of former insurgents through documentaries, TV programs, and social media campaigns

• Surrender and Rehabilitation Policies: The government has introduced surrender and rehabilitation policies to encourage insurgents to lay down their arms and reintegrate into mainstream society.

• Example: The "Scheme for Surrender-Cum-Rehabilitation of Militants in the North East".

• Cultural and Educational Exchange Programs: They are organized to promote cross-cultural understanding and foster a sense of national unity among different communities.

• Example: Student exchange programs are arranged between schools in the North East and other parts of India, to learn about each other's cultures and traditions.

The national and state governments' persistent efforts have reduced alienation, leading to relative peace in the region, and enabling effective policy implementation. Continued focus on the North East is vital to consolidate these gains.

Way forward 

• Governance related

• Transparent and Accountability: Establishing transparent and credible communication channels is essential to gain the trust of the local population. 

• Example: Government authorities, security forces, and other relevant agencies should communicate openly about their actions, and objectives in countering the insurgency.

• Decentralization of Power: Devolve more power and decision-making authority to local and regional authorities, empowering them to address the specific needs and concerns of the communities they represent.

• Capacity Building and Sensitization: Efforts can be made to build the capacity of security forces and government officials to handle conflict situations with sensitivity and respect for human rights.

• Example: Conducting training programs for security forces to sensitize them to the cultural and social nuances of the region.

• Continued Efforts by Civil Society: Despite peace talks progress, civil society should persist in fostering reconciliation with insurgent groups, ensuring honourable exits for leaders and benefiting all parties involved.

• Women Empowerment: Promote women's empowerment through skill training, education, and initiatives that enhance their participation in the workforce and decision-making processes.

• Example: Supporting women's self-help groups that engage in income-generating activities, empowering women economically and socially.

• Political 

• Human Rights Protection: Ensure the protection of human rights and adherence to the rule of law by security forces and government authorities to build trust among the local population.

• Peace Accords and Agreements: Negotiate and implement peace accords and agreements with insurgent groups to bring about a lasting resolution to the conflicts.

• Example: Like Naga Peace Talks which aim to address the historical grievances and aspirations of the Naga people.

• Cross-Border Cooperation: Collaborate with neighbouring countries to address cross-border security challenges and prevent the movement of insurgents and illicit arms.

• Example: The Border Area Development Program focuses on providing integrated development in areas located near international borders.

• Constitutional Reforms: Consider necessary constitutional reforms to accommodate the unique cultural, social, and historical aspects of the North East region.

• Example: Special Category Status which provides special financial assistance and benefits to promote development.

• Developmental 

• Economic Development Initiatives: Implement targeted economic development programs in the region to create employment opportunities, reduce disparities, and alleviate socio-economic grievances.

• Example: Northeast Venture Capital Fund for boosting the start-up ecosystem and creating employment opportunities for the youth.

• Infrastructural development: Enhance communication and connectivity, infrastructure improvement for better integration of the region with the mainland.

• Sustainable Livelihood Initiatives: Introduce sustainable livelihood programs, such as eco-tourism, handloom and handicrafts promotion, and sustainable forest management, to create alternative income sources for communities.

• Example: National Bamboo Mission envisages promoting holistic growth of the bamboo sector by adopting an area-based, regionally differentiated strategy.

• Security 

• Intelligence Gathering and Sharing: Enhance intelligence gathering to monitor insurgent activities and efficiently share information among agencies for pre-emptive responses.

• Border Surveillance and Control: Enhance border surveillance along the international borders to prevent infiltration of insurgents and illegal movement of arms and resources.

• Example: Setting up mobile checkposts and vigilance grids in sensitive areas to monitor and control the movement of insurgents.

• Inter-Agency Coordination: Improve coordination and cooperation between various security agencies, paramilitary forces, and intelligence agencies to optimize resources and intelligence sharing.

• Example: A Unified Command Structure to improve coordination between the armed forces, state police, and intelligence agencies in counterinsurgency operations.

• Technology and Surveillance: Utilize modern technology to improve surveillance and response capabilities in remote and inaccessible areas.

• Example: Utilizing drones, satellite imagery, and communication systems.

The fruit of development along with winning the trust and building the confidence of the people of the North-East is key to bringing peace, and prosperity to the region.

Tags:
Polity

Keywords:
Internal security North east insurgency ULFA Naga Insurgency Manipur violence Drug trafficking Golden triangle

Syllabus:
General Studies Paper 3

Topics:
Internal Security