Influence of foreign invasion and cultural exchange on post Mauryan architecture

Published on 26 Aug 2025

The post-Mauryan period in India witnessed several foreign invasions and cultural exchanges, which had a significant influence on the architecture of the time. These invasions and exchanges brought new artistic and architectural traditions, leading to a fusion of styles and the emergence of distinct architectural forms. 

• Indo Greek influence: The incorporation of Hellenistic elements like Corinthian capitals, pilasters and friezes to traditional Indian architecture, especially in regions like Gandhara.

• Example: The toranas constructed during Sunga period shows a blend of Indian and Hellenistic influence. 

• Indo Scythian influence: The influence of Central Asian and Iranian architectural elements can be seen in the use of domes, vaults, and arcades.

• Example: The reliefs on the Bharhut stupa show Indo Scythian influence.

• Kushana influence: Being Central Asian in origin, the Kushans incorporated foreign features into Indian architecture which enhanced the aesthetic appeal of structures and sculptures.

• Example: The development of Mathura and Gandhara style during Kushans.

• Gandara art: This resulted in a more realistic portrayal of Buddha with the usage of features like wavy hair, half closed eyes and calmness which made the images more natural.

• Example: Bamiyan Buddha exemplifies Gandhara influence on architecture.

• Influence on Gupta architecture: The Gupta architecture showcased a synthesis of regional styles and foreign elements which made their architecture stand out.

• Example: Dashavatara temple at Deogarh in Uttar  Pradesh.

Thus the cross-cultural interactions and exchanges during these periods resulted in the emergence of distinct architectural styles that incorporated foreign elements, enriching the architectural heritage of ancient India.

Tags:
History & Culture

Keywords:
Influence of foreign invasion and cultural exchange on post Mauryan architecture Mauryan architecture architecture mauryan empire Hellenistic elements greek influence Corinthian capitals pilasters friezes Gandhara Scythian influence iranian influence Kushana influence Kushans Bamiyan Buddha

Syllabus:
General Studies Paper 1

Topics:
Art and Architecture