Comparing Indo-Islamic and Early Indian Architecture

Published on 13 Sep 2025

The evolution of Indian architecture over the ages can be classified into three distinct phases: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. In addition to religion and culture, regional, climatic, ethnic, racial, historical, and linguistic factors also have an impact on Indian architectural style. Whereas Islamic architecture incorporates a variety of architectural designs, including Roman, Byzantine, Persian, Mesopotamian, and Indian forms which developed after the rise of Islam.

Aspect

Indo-Islamic Architecture

Early Indian Architecture

Influences

Islamic style of architecture evolved after the advent of Islam. It was influenced by Persian, Byzantine, and other architectures.

Example: Qutub minar complex

Indian Style of Architecture evolved in different parts of India at different ages.

Example: Ajanta caves in Maharashtra

Architectural style

Islamic Style of Architecture is also known as Mehrab Style and arcuate style.

Example: Buland Darwaza in Fatehpur Sikri

Indian Style of Architecture is popularly known as the ‘Trabeate Style.

Example: Khajuraho Temples in Madhya Pradesh

Physical Representation

Tombs, Forts, domed structures, arches, minarets, large courtyards and Mosques were influenced by the Islamic Style of Architecture.

Example: Jama Masjid in Delhi

Temples, Forts, Rock Cut caves, and Palaces come under the Indian Style of Architecture.

Example: Ellora caves in Maharashtra

Ornamentation

Intricate calligraphy, geometric patterns, and floral motifs. Avoidance of human figures.

Example: Taj Mahal in Agra

Indian Style of architecture focused on the swastika, chakra, Padam, auspicious art, and human beings. Intricate carvings and sculptures were also present.

Example: Sun temple of Konark, Odisha

Materials Used

Use of red sandstone, white marble, and decorative tiles,

Example: Humayun’s Tomb

Predominantly stone, brick, and wood construction.

Example: Temples at Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu

Religious Architecture

Mosques, minarets and mausoleums with Arabic inscriptions can be found.

Example: Moti Masjid in Delhi

Stupas, Viharas, Temples were present.

Example: Sanchi Stupa in Madhya Pradesh

Architecture has been a prominent art form in India for centuries, from the Indus Valley Civilization to the construction of Buddhist temples. In the Medieval Era, Muslim influences introduced new architectural features and techniques to India, resulting in the Indo-Islamic style. This style is a blend of Indian and Islamic elements, and it is characterized by its similarities and differences, as well as its dependence on both cultures.