Published on 23 Feb 2025
The South China Sea is strategically located, bordered by China and Taiwan to the north, the Indo-Chinese peninsula (including Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore) to the west, Indonesia and Brunei to the south, and the Philippines to the east (referred to as the West Philippine Sea). One-third of all global shipping passes through the South China Sea. Over 64% of China's maritime trade passes through the South China Sea.
Significance to India
Trade Lifeline: Over 50% of India's trade travels through the Malacca Strait in the South China Sea. Disruptions could cripple India's economy.
Example: In 2022, India's total trade stood at $881 billion (according to the World Bank). Over $440 billion of that trade would have transited the Malacca Strait, highlighting its critical role.
Strategic Gateway: The South China Sea connects the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Free navigation is vital for India's trade with Southeast Asia and beyond. 64% of India's total seaborne trade relies on this route.
Countering China's Expansion: China claims almost the entire South China Sea through its "nine-dash line," raising concerns in India. A stronger Chinese presence could disrupt the regional balance of power.
Example: The 2016 ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in Hague which rejected China's claims entirely, regarding the South China Sea dispute is not recognized by China.
Security Cooperation: Disputes create an opportunity for India to strengthen security ties with Southeast Asian nations like Vietnam and Indonesia, concerned about China's actions.
Example: This has led to joint naval exercises and maritime cooperation initiatives like the Malabar naval exercise.
Securing Energy: The South China Sea holds an estimated 11 billion barrels of untapped oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. While India has no direct claims, stability is crucial for accessing future energy resources.
Balancing Power: A stronger Chinese presence in the South China Sea could disadvantage India's strategic interests in the Indian Ocean region. China's growing military presence and establishment of artificial islands in the disputed territories raise concerns for India.
Upholding International Law: India advocates for a peaceful resolution to disputes and promotes freedom of navigation and international law in the South China Sea. This aligns with India's interest in maintaining a rules-based international order that benefits all nations.
Geography
South China Sea
Significance of south china sea to India
General Studies Paper 1