Published on 12 Nov 2025
Economic and Administrative Policies
Delhi Durbar of 1877: Lord Lytton organized the grand Delhi Durbar in 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as the Empress of India.
Impact: The extravagant event, held during a severe famine, highlighted the stark contrast between British opulence and Indian suffering, deepening resentment among Indians.
Famine Policy: During the Great Famine of 1876-78, Lytton's administration adhered to strict laissez-faire principles, refusing to regulate grain prices or provide adequate relief.
Impact: The inadequate response to the famine led to millions of deaths and intensified Indian discontent with British rule, highlighting the need for more compassionate governance.
Vernacular Press Act of 1878: Lytton enacted the Vernacular Press Act to curtail the freedom of the Indian-language press, aiming to suppress criticism of British policies.
Impact: This Act sparked widespread outrage among Indians and is considered a significant attack on the freedom of expression, contributing to the rise of nationalist sentiment.
Arms Act of 1878: The Arms Act restricted Indians from possessing firearms without licenses, while Europeans were exempted.
Impact: The discriminatory nature of this Act fuelled resentment and a sense of injustice among Indians, further fostering nationalist feelings.
Military and Foreign Policy
Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880): Lytton initiated the Second Anglo-Afghan War to secure British influence in Afghanistan against Russian expansion.
Impact: The war was costly and controversial, contributing to the economic strain on India and highlighting the prioritization of British imperial interests over Indian welfare.
History & Culture
Lord Lytton
Delhi Durbar of 1877
Queen Victoria
Great Famine of 1876
Vernacular Press Act of 1878
Arms Act of 1878
Second Anglo Afghan War
viceroy
British administration
General Studies Paper 1
Modern Indian History
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