Change in Attitude of British- Gandhi Irwin Pact and Round Table Conferences

Published on 09 Oct 2025

The change in attitude of the British towards considering Indians as equals during the Gandhi-Irwin Pact and Round Table Conferences (RTCs) can be attributed to various factors, including internal and external pressures, pragmatic considerations, and shifting political dynamics.

• Internal Pressure: By the time of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact and Round Table Conferences, the British, acknowledging the momentum of the Indian independence movement, sought negotiations to ensure regional stability.

• Example: The intense grassroots mobilization during the Civil Disobedience Movement, including events like the Salt March, demonstrated the growing power and unity of Indian resistance.

• International Context: The aftermath of World War I and the rise of global nationalist movements, along with mounting anti-colonial sentiments, pressured the British to reconsider their colonial governance methods amid growing international scrutiny.

• Example: The global wave of anti-colonial movements and the example of Ireland gaining independence in 1922 influenced British strategies in India.

• Pragmatic Considerations: Realizing the economic and political costs of continued repression in India, the British opted for dialogue and concessions to Indian demands, considering it a pragmatic alternative to maintaining dominance.

• Example: The financial strain and administrative challenges of quelling widespread protests and maintaining repressive measures prompted the British to negotiate with Gandhi.

• Political Calculations: Recognizing the emergence of new political forces like the Indian National Congress, the British saw the necessity of inclusive governance and cooperation with Indian leaders to manage colonial administration effectively

• Example: The necessity to involve influential leaders like Gandhi, Nehru, and other Congress members in discussions about India’s future was a key driver behind the Round Table Conferences.

• Evolving Colonial Discourse: Colonial paternalism and British superiority waned as the British acknowledged Indian political agency and legitimacy, albeit within specified boundaries, signalling a shift in colonial dynamics.

• Example: The inclusion of leaders from different communities, such as B.R. Ambedkar, representing the Dalits, signalled a broader engagement, even if within limited parameters.

• International Image: The British Empire aimed to present itself as a progressive and responsive colonial power, committed to justice and democracy. Negotiating and compromising with Indian leaders improved their international image.

Tags:
History & Culture

Keywords:
Change in Attitude of British Gandhi Irwin Pact National movement independence movement freedom struggle Round Table Conferences RTC Civil Disobedience Movement salt march dandi march cdm World War I Gandhi Indian National Congress INC Nehru B R Ambedkar

Syllabus:
General Studies Paper 1

Topics:
Freedom Struggle