Published on 23 Feb 2025
India's vast geographical expanse, encompassing diverse landscapes and climates, necessitates a federal system that empowers states to address local needs and fosters national unity amidst regional variations.
Elements of the Geographical basis of India’s Federalism
Vast Size and Diverse Landscapes: India's immense size and diverse landscapes (mountains, deserts, plateaus, plains) necessitate a decentralized structure to meet the demands of that region.
Example: The Thar Desert requires water management strategies unlike the flood-prone Indo-Gangetic plains.
Physiographic Variations: The varied landforms (mountains, plateaus, plains) influence resource distribution and infrastructure needs.
Example: The mineral-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau requires different development plans compared to the fertile agricultural lands of Punjab.
Climatic Diversity: India experiences a wide range of climates (tropical, arid, semi-arid) impacting agriculture and disaster preparedness.
Example: States like Kerala with heavy monsoon rainfall need robust flood control measures, unlike arid Rajasthan focusing on water conservation techniques.
Socio-Cultural Diversity: Geographical features often coincide with cultural and linguistic divisions. The federal structure allows states to preserve their unique cultural identities and languages.
Example: Festivals like Onam in Kerala (harvest festival) require different planning and support from the state government compared to the celebration of Navratri in Gujarat.
Uneven Resource Distribution: Natural resources like water, forests, and minerals are unevenly distributed across India. Federalism empowers states to manage their resources.
Example: Arunachal Pradesh, rich in hydropower potential, can develop hydroelectric projects for its energy needs.
Historical Autonomy: The legacy of regional kingdoms fosters a sense of regional identity.
Example: The princely state of Mysore (present-day Karnataka) had a strong administrative structure which continues to influence governance in the state.
Disaster Management: India's vulnerability to natural disasters varies regionally. Federalism allows states to tailor their disaster management plans.
Example: Odisha, prone to cyclones, has a well-developed disaster response system compared to the earthquake-prone regions of the Himalayas.
Geography
Geographical Basis of Indian Federalism
Elements of the Geographical basis of India’s Federalism
General Studies Paper 1
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