Published on 27 Aug 2025
During the reign of Emperor Harsha (c. 606-647 CE) in ancient India, several distinctive features emerged in architecture and urban planning. Harsha's period witnessed a fusion of different architectural styles influenced by the preceding Gupta Empire and regional architectural traditions.
Architecture
Stone temple: Temples during Harsha’s reign were mainly made of stone which was more durable and facilitated better carvings.
Nagara style: The temples during the period were mainly characterized by curvilinear shikhara and sculptural ornamentations which reflected nagara architecture.
Example: Rajya Vihara temple is an example for incorporating elements which signified Harsha temple architecture.
Buddhist monasteries: Harsha being a patron of Buddhism led to construction of Buddhists architectures like viharas and chaityas.
Example: The development of more viharas within Nalanda complex.
Gandhara influence: The use of Greco Roman architectural elements and realistic human figures can be seen in structures of the Harsha period.
Example: The archaeological site of Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh showcases the influence of Gandhara architectural elements from Harsha's period.
Royal palaces: Palaces were adorned with intricate carvings, gardens and pavilions, thus displaying architectural splendor.
Example: The royal palace at Kannauj exemplified the grandeur of Harsha’s architecture.
Artistic expression: Architecture of Harsha's period showcased intricate stone carvings, depicting deities, mythological scenes, and royal processions which served as a medium for artistic expression and conveyed religious and historical narratives.
Urban planning:
Planned cities: The cities were well organized, structured with wide streets, markets and water reservoir facilities.
Example: Harshavardhanapura
Development of centers of education: As Harsha was a patron of learning, institutions like lecture halls, libraries were an integral part of the city.
Example: Prosperity of Nalanda, Vikramshila, Odantapuri university increased during the reign of Harsha.
Thus the construction of monastic complexes, temples and establishment of planned cities indicates the rich architectural legacy during the reign of Harshavardhana.
History & Culture
Features of architecture and urban planning during the Harsha rule
architecture
indian architecture
Harsha
Nagara style
Rajya Vihara temple
Greco Roman
Kannauj
Harshavardhanapura
Nalanda
Vikramshila
Odantapuri
General Studies Paper 1
Art and Architecture