Contribution of Bhakti Movement to the Development of Vernacular Languages

Published on 22 Oct 2025

The Bhakti reformers adopted the common language of the people and preached in it instead of preaching either in Sanskrit or in Persian. In this way a great impetus was given to the development of the vernaculars.

• Promotion of Regional Languages: Bhakti saints sought to reach the masses and connect with them on a more accessible level. So, they composed their devotional works in regional languages.

• Example: Shankaradeva, popularized the use of the Assamese in the Brahmaputra to spread his ideas

• Fusion of Language and Religion: The Bhakti saints infused their poetry and devotional works with religious and philosophical ideas, thereby giving vernacular languages a sacred and spiritual character. 

• Example: The works of Surdas in Hindi, Andal in Tamil blended religious devotion with lyrical expressions, giving rise to devotional poetry in the respective regional languages.

• Influence on Literary Styles: The Bhakti literature influenced the grammar, vocabulary, and literary styles of regional languages.

• Example: The poetic style of Surdas in Braj Bhasha influenced subsequent generations of poets in the Hindi language.

• Standardization and Formalization: The popularity of Bhakti literature contributed to the standardization and formalization of regional languages.

• Example: The compositions of Tukaram in Marathi became the foundation for Marathi literature and poetic traditions.

• Cultural Identity and Pride: The Bhakti Movement fostered a sense of pride and connection among the local populations, strengthening cultural identity.

• Example: The devotional compositions of Andal in Tamil celebrated the rich cultural heritage of Tamil Nadu.

• Influence on Art Forms: Bhakti songs and compositions became integral to music, dance, and theater, enriching the cultural expressions of the regions.

• Example: The devotional songs of Mirabai in Rajasthani and Braj Bhasha are still performed in various folk music traditions.

Overall, the Bhakti Movement's use of regional languages not only elevated these languages to the realm of literary expression but also democratized access to spiritual and philosophical ideas.

Tags:
History & Culture

Keywords:
Contribution of Bhakti Movement to the Development of Vernacular Languages Bhakti Movement Regional Language Shankaradeva Assamese Surdas in Hindi Andal in Tamil Braj Bhasha Tukaram in Marathi Mirabai in Rajasthani

Syllabus:
General Studies Paper 1

Topics:
Indian Heritage and Culture